Compression Fractures of the Spine

Compression fractures of the spine, also known as vertebral compression fracture (VCF), are the most common fracture affecting the vertebral area. This happens when the main section of the spine, called the vertebra, loses its strength and starts to collapse. Most patients who exhibit this condition find the breakages in the front part of the vertebra.

Causes of Compression Fractures

The most common cause of vertebral column fracture is osteoporosis (a condition where the bones lose their mass and become thin and brittle). About 750,000 cases of compression fractures happen annually to patients with osteoporosis and primarily affect older women, particularly those who are past menopause.

With the weakening of the bones, a simple sudden movement like standing up or bending can trigger a compression fracture. In some cases, even a sneeze or a cough can result in this condition.

Symptoms of Compression Fractures

A spinal compression fracture may include one or more of the following symptoms:

• Sudden onset of back pain
• Back pain that increases in intensity when standing up, bedding, or moving
• Reduced discomfort when lying down
• Limited movement around the spine

Late symptoms include:

• Difficulty breathing
• Digestion problems
• Loss of appetite
• Eventual deformity
• Loss of height due to kyphosis (arching of the back)

How is a Compression Fracture diagnosed?

In most cases, diagnosis is made through history taking and physical examination. Imaging procedures help confirm the compression fracture and rule out any other possible condition.

X-ray.

Produces an image of the vertebra showing the structure of the vertebrae and the outline of the joints pointing out the problem. This also helps to show the bone alignment and view any bony spurs that may irritate the nerve as well as check for degenerative discs.

CT Scan.

An imaging procedure that also provides a clear-cut view of the vertebrae, including the spinal canal, its contents, and the structures around it. This technique is ideal for visualizing bone details, including narrowing.

MRI.

An imaging technique that is more comprehensive and features a 3D image of the bones and the structures surrounding them.

Bone Densitometry / Dual-energy Xray Absorptiometry (DEXA).

This test is used to establish the bone mineral density and see if osteoporosis exists

How Compression Fractures of the Spine Treated?

The treatment plan for compression fractures of the spine depends on its severity and the associated symptoms experienced by the patient. Doctors may recommend one or more of the following:

Bed rest.

Most cases of spinal compression fracture heal on their own without medical intervention.  However, physicians may recommend a few days up to three months of rest for non-complicated fractures.

Back Brace.

If the doctors decide to take non-invasive methods, they may recommend supporting the back while healing. This can keep the bones from being moved to optimize the healing pace of the bones.

When to Seek Immediate Intervention?

Since spinal fracture usually resolves on its own and most of the cases are mild, some patients will not require extensive treatment. Remember to see a doctor for evaluation of the back pain in case of the following:

• Age older than 65
• Pain that does not reduce despite rest
• High fever
• Severe pain, numbness, and weakness
• Loss of control of bowel and bladder
• Unintentional weight loss
• History of cancer

Vertebral column fractures are mostly mild and heal on their own. However, for those that may require physical therapy or conservative treatment, Maplewood Sauk Prairie is dedicated to caring for patients.

References

https://www.webmd.com/

https://www.cedars-sinai.org/

American Association of Neurological Surgeons

https://www.umms.org/ummc